
Mole concept
1 mol = 6.02 × 10²³ particles. n = m/Mr or n = V/24 dm³ (for gases at rtp).
Stoichiometry
Use balanced equations to get molar ratios. Always work in moles before converting to mass/volume.
Exam habits
- Always show mole ratio step.
- Convert cm³ to dm³ for gas volumes.
- Box final answer with correct units.